Bacterial Growth Requirements

Bacterial Growth Requirements Free Online Research Papers Bacteria are single celled organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are so small that scientists measure them in micrometers. A micrometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. On average, a bacterium is equal to one micrometer long. This would mean that the head of a pin could hold hundreds of thousands of these microorganisms. Bacteria, which can be traced back 3.5 billion years, live all around us and also inside us. They are in the air, soil and water of the earth and in plants and animals as well. In humans bacteria can be found in many places. They are on skin surfaces, the inner surfaces of our nose, throat, stomach and intestines, to name a few. The only places you normally don’t find bacteria in our bodies, according to Encarta,† is in the muscles, blood and the nervous system.† They can, however, invade these areas and cause our immune system to get rid of them. Generally, most bacteria live in or on our bodies and help prevent disease. (pg.2) According to Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology,† growth in the microbial world usually refers to an increase in the population size†. Bacteria reproduce asexually using a process called binary fission. Binary fission involves cytokinesis which is an inward pinching of the cell wall that separates it into two. This process occurs after a cell has grown large enough to divide. Under the right conditions some bacteria can reproduce in 15 to 20 minutes. This means that one cell can become two in that time and those two will then become four cells in about half an hour. After 6 hours, in ideal conditions, one bacterial cell can become 131,000 or more bacteria. (pg.139) In order for bacteria to grow and reproduce they need nutrients and other outside factors. The nutrients are absorbed through pores in the cell wall and passed into the cytoplasm. Some examples of the factors important to cell growth are oxygen, temperature and pH level. â€Å"A thermophile grows at high temperatures, an acidophile grows at low pH, and an osmophile grows at high solute concentration,† are according to textbookofbacteriolgy.com, which shows how the names correspond with growth conditions. (pg.8) Temperature has been deemed one of the most important factors for growth because each species has an ideal growth temperature. The temperature range for these bacteria is a range of approximately 30 degrees with their ideal temp being somewhere in the middle. For example, â€Å"the thermophiles mentioned earlier multiply best at 60 degrees Celsius but still multiply between 40 and 70 degrees,† according to Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. They tend to multiply better at the higher temperatures than they do at the lower ones. There are, however, cells that are opposite of this and would multiply better at lower temperatures than they would at the higher ones. (pg.147) The next factor important for growth is oxygen. Many bacteria depend highly on oxygen and those are called aerobic cells. Oxygen in aerobic cells is used to make energy which is important for cell function and growth. There are, however, cells that don’t need oxygen and these are called anaerobic. Anaerobic cells would, obviously, use means other than oxygen for their energy source. The pH level, which refers to the acidity or alkalinity level, is very important to bacterial cells. The cytoplasm in most of them has a pH level of 7.0 which is in the neutral range. This would make it important for these cells to be in an environment with a similar level in order for them to grow. There are cells that are more tolerant to lower acid levels and can survive in them. However, the majority don’t grow well in acidic environments. In the human body this is good news for the stomach. The acid levels here would help deter disease and keep bacteria from reaching other areas beyond the stomach. As stated previously, bacteria are everywhere and in most cases are harmless and beneficial. However, there are bacteria that cause disease and when the immune system is not functioning properly they can invade areas of the body. Generally harmless bacteria can also become a problem if they enter the body through a cut or injury and make their way into the bloodstream. The bloodstream is one of the areas bacteria are not normally found and in the case of a weak immune system it would be an ideal place for them to multiply. For many cells the temperature, oxygen and pH levels are perfect in the bloodstream, for growth, and this can cause many problems for the human body. Other places that bacteria can grow which are harmful to a person are food and water. When they multiply to high numbers on things that we ingest it can cause food poisoning and other serious and sometimes deadly diseases. The human immune system is designed to help keep bacteria counts at a normal range to keep us healthy and to fight off attacks of harmful bacteria. There are also other ways in which we can protect ourselves if our immune system is weak. One way is through antibiotics which are antibacterial drugs that are a very important part of the battle with bacteria. However, in time bacteria can become immune to antibiotics so they are no longer effective. Other ways to insure good health and good bacteria counts is through vaccines and maintaining healthy clean environments. These methods will help to prevent bacteria spread and a large number of health issues that go along with it. References Marquis, Robert E. (2007). Bacteria. Encarta.msn.com. Retrieved June 29, 2007, from http://encarta.msn.com/text_761574409___0/Bacteria.html Pommerville, Jeffrey C. (2007) Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology. Eighth Edition. Todar, Kenneth (2004) University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology. Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria. Retrieved June 25, 2007, from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/nutgro.html Research Papers on Bacterial Growth RequirementsGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Educated While In Prison Essays - Platonism, Free Essays

Educated While In Prison Essays - Platonism, Free Essays Educated While In Prison English 101 April 9, 2014 Educated While In Prison The Allegory of the Cave by Plato and A Homemade Education by Malcolm X are very similar to each other. In both writings they are communicating how they were detained in some sort of way and how instruction was seen as a way out. The thought of mistreatment safety and flexibility are available in both writings. In both writings they were held detained and had no control of the circumstances. They opposed to everything to start with. Be that as it may, the detainees soon understood that their flexibility was through instruction. In Plato's content we figure out how a couple of detainees got instructed about the outside world from aggregate haziness. In the mean time, Malcolm X clarifies to us how he chooses to use his time in jail to better instruct himself. Both Plato and Malcolm X outline their voyage of training through a dim zone to their opportunity of seeing the world and instructing themselves about it through their eyes. In "The Allegory of the Cave" the text opens up with "Behold! Human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open toward the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning around their heads. Above and behind them a fire blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets(1113)". Here Plato talks about how the detainees have been held since youth with chains. Their legs and necks are bound so they can't turn around to see what is behind them. Placed directly behind them is a fire that is bursting and in the middle of the greater part of this is a raised screen like way, which has manikins for the detainees to see. The detainees are in a dull zone and just light accommodated them is the flame. In "A Homemade Education" Malcolm X talks on a night in jail. He states When I progressed to really serious reading, every night at about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the lights out. It always seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing. Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes adjusted to it. So when lights out came, I would sit on the floor where I could continue my reading in that glow (717). X wasn't permitted to peruse after specific hours while in jail, ten p.m. So he had no decision however to stay himself into one corner of his cell and read from somewhat light that might sparkle into his cell. Not just was X breaking the principles and opposing to what was befalling him. He was instructing himself and attempting to bring about a noticeable improvement. Much the same as in Plato's content how the detainees were held to one particular spot in a dull zone with sticks a bit light generally so was Malcolm X. He was limited to one spot in his cell after ten p.m. so hopefully he could keep perusing after "lights out". In both writings they were held in dim ranges with simply a little light sparkling toward them to help proceed their training. Then again, their training does not end once they are free. In Plato's content we read Anyone who has common sense will remember the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be ready to laugh; he will first ask

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis Assignment

Intelligent Systems (Natural language processing, Sentiment analysis and Text mining ) - Assignment Example In this area, computations are involved and they end up in a natural language capable of processing opinions. It therefore give as detailed study into mood or emotion recognition, relevance computation, ranking, identifying source, giving genre distinction, and a summarization of the opinion (Pang & lee, 2008). Moreover, Pang & Lee (2008) states that in sentimental analysis texts need to be mapped to respective labels from a defined data set or through placing it from one end to another on continuum. Knowing above, a topic was to be investigated to determine the effectiveness of these analyses. The topic chosen included â€Å"saber tooth desktop† and in the rating, it occurred that 87% of the comment were positive and only 13% accounted for the negative. I downloaded it using sentiment140.com. However, reading through the tweets, it occurred to me that the facility was never accurate. It could never detect sarcastic messages, shortened words and it only analyzed the English pa rt of the messages. Moreover, from the data of about four sets, correlation was sought out in order to determine the accuracy of the method and it was noted that for the positive tweets there was an F harmonic of about 6.5% and for the negatives it showed 4.2%. Consequently, this is an indication that sentiment gave a dependable result though they are not 100% accurate. Moreover, the above topic could be downloaded directly using tweeter API. One needs to have a tweeter account, create an application, from the application, one is offered machine readable consumer key access token, and consumer secrets and from those, one can receive tweeter updates on any website they specified and coded with the relevant details given when sign in for a tweeter API account. From the gotten results using tweeter Prolog-WordNet libraries, it indicated that there is a correlation between the sent tweets and the message they were conveying however at a given sentiment polarity. Moreover, the extraction this time round had a higher number of tweets and gives a considerable proportion of 72% for the positive tweets and a 28% for the negative. As a result, it showed how the various entities or concepts were directly linked to positivity or negativity of the sentiment. It analyzed that a good percentage as it is expected of positivity was correct as well as that of negativity. However, it incorporated some percentages of negative side to the positive and those of positive to negative. In consequence, it may be argued that, even though the second process is much demanding in acquiring tweets and then analyzing them, it is much accurate than the first process especially in the case involving huge volumes of data. Moreover, the gotten data could be analyzed deeper to according to either it being positive and negative. It could be analyzed into who it involved-the company, workers, sales staff and any other person involved. Moreover, it was noted that for the two applied types, they give out results related to features of the search. For the music or sports related, there is one where conversion of search results is higher. Part Two Natural language processing (NPL) is the part of computer studies that deals with artificial intelligence especially involving interactions of machine-computers-languages and the linguistic part of human. It basically tries to give